SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.86: less neutralization evasion compared to XBB sub-variants

Abstract

AbstractThe continual emergence and circulation of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have caused a great challenge for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic control. Recently, Omicron BA.2.86 was identified with more than 30 amino acid changes on the spike (S) protein, compared to Omicron BA.2 or XBB.1.5. The immune evasion potential of BA.2.86 is of great concern. In this study, we evaluated the neutralizing activities of sera collected from participants and mice. Participants were divided into five groups according to their vaccination (inactivated vaccine, protein subunit vaccine ZF2001 or ZF2202-A) and infection (Omicron BF.7/BA.5.2) status. ZF2202-A is ZF2001 vaccine’s next-generation COVID-19 vaccine with updated bivalent Delta-BA.5 RBD-heterodimer immunogen. BALB/c mice were immunized with XBB.1.5 RBD-homodimer, BA.5-BA.2, Delta-XBB.1.5 or BQ.1.1-XBB.1.5 RBD-heterodimers protein vaccine candidates for evaluating the neutralizing responses. We found that Omicron BA.2.86 shows stronger immune evasion than BA.2 due to >30 additional mutations on S protein. Compared to XBB sub-variants, BA.2.86 does not display more resistance to the neutralizing responses induced by ZF2001-vaccination, BF.7/BA.5.2 breakthrough infection or a booster dose of ZF2202-A-vaccination. In addition, the mouse experiment results showed that BQ.1.1-XBB.1.5 RBD-heterodimer and XBB.1.5 RBD-homodimer induced high neutralizing responses against XBB sub-variants and BA.2.86, indicating that next-generation COVID-19 vaccine should be developed to enhance the protection efficacy against the circulating strains in the future.