Enhanced Diffusion through Multivalency

Abstract

AbstractIn multivalent systems, multiple ligands from one entity simultaneously bind to multiple receptors on another entity. These interactions are of crucial significance in a wide range of biological and technological mechanisms, encompassing selectivity, host recognition, viral penetration, therapeutic delivery, as well as the adhesion phenomena found in cells, polymers, and nanoparticles. In this study, we used computer simulations to investigate 1D and 2D diffusion of adsorbed particles with varying valency but with the same overall affinity to the host. We demonstrate a remarkable diffusion acceleration for particles with increasing valency. Non-diffusing monovalent particle can attain almost unrestricted diffusion when becoming multivalent while retaining its affinity for the host tether or surface. Moreover, diffusion of multivalent particles with rigid ligand distribution can be controlled by patterned host receptors. Our results have practical implications for the design of fast-diffusing particles that maintain a strong affinity for target surfaces or molecules.TOC GraphicSignificanceWe investigated how the number of binding sites (referred to as valency) on particles or entities impacts their movement when attached to surfaces or filaments. Valency can be understood as how many “hands” a particle has to grip the surface. Surprisingly, particles with more “hands” move faster if they hold onto the surface with the same strength. Furthermore, the motion of these particles can be controlled by designing surfaces with specific patterns that the “hands” can grasp. This means that we can design particles that move rapidly while remaining attached to the desired locations. These findings hold promise for applications like drug delivery and materials technology, and for understanding biological processes.