A Model Quantitative Assessment Tool for Nonhuman Primate Environmental Enrichment Plans

Abstract

AbstractThe housing and care of captive nonhuman primates (NHP) typically meets federal regulations and standards as well as guidelines by private accreditation organizations. There is, however, a gap between such policy, common practices, and the findings of a large empirical research literature on the effects of environmental enrichment (EE), particularly with respect to the degree to which different enrichment strategies lead to a demonstrable improvement of the animal’s psychological wellbeing. Assessment tools to guide decisions about selection and refinement of EE practices are largely missing and our companion paper offers a theoretically grounded qualitative approach to the categorization and assessment of sensory, motor, and cognitive (SMC) EE strategies. Here, we propose and illustrate a model for quantitative assessment of enrichment practices using a sample of research facility, zoo, and sanctuary NHP environmental enrichment plans (EEP). Our scoring technique provides a means for comparing the efficacy of different strategies across facilities and allows for the selection of priority areas for improvement. Overall, our assessment tool provides a framework that has several advantages. It is inherently flexible. It can be tailored to fit a range of species. It can readily be adapted to accommodate new evidence about a specific EE strategy, or new EE strategies, or both. Because a scientifically valid evidence-based framework drives priority, our method is readily adaptable to different types of facilities and is more likely to lead to longer-term benefits, both in terms of the enhancement of psychological wellbeing of captive NHP, and with respect to the judicious use of limited resources.AcronymsNHPnonhuman primatesEEenvironmental enrichmentEEPenvironmental enrichment plansSMCsensory motor cognitiveSSIBsomatic self-injurious behaviorNSSIBnon-somatic self-injurious behaviorUSDAUnited States Department of AgricultureAWAAnimal Welfare ActAZAAssociation of Zoos and AquariumsGFASGlobal Federation of Animal SanctuariesNRC GuideGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals