Multiple stressors in multiple species: effects of different RDX soil concentrations and differential water-resourcing on RDX fate, plant health, and plant survival

Abstract

AbstractResponse to simultaneous stressors is an important facet of plant ecology and land management. In a greenhouse trial, we studied how eight plant species responded to single and combined effects of three RDX soil concentrations and two levels of water-resourcing. In an outdoor trial, we studied the effects of high RDX soil concentration and two levels of water-resourcing in three plant species. Multiple endpoints related to RDX fate, plant health, and plant survival were evaluated in both trials. Starting RDX concentration was the most frequent factor influencing all endpoints. Water-resourcing also had significant impacts, but in fewer cases. For most endpoints, significant interaction effects between RDX concentration and water-resourcing were observed for some species and treatments. Main and interaction effects were typically variable (significant in one treatment, but not in another; associated with increasing endpoint values for one treatment and/or with decreasing endpoint values in another). This complexity has implications for understanding how RDX and water-availability combine to impact plants, as well as for applications like phytoremediation. Two plant species native to the southeastern United States, Ruellia caroliniensis and Salvia coccinea, exhibited treatment responses that suggest they may be useful for phytoremediation, even within complex and changing environments.