Natural Language Processing-like Deep Learning Aided in Identification and Validation of Thiosulfinate Tolerance Clusters in Diverse Bacteria

Abstract

AbstractAllicin tolerance (alt) clusters in phytopathogenic bacteria, which provide resistance to thiosulfinates like allicin, are challenging to find using conventional approaches due to their varied architecture and the paradox of being vertically maintained within genera despite likely being horizontally transferred. This results in significant sequential diversity that further complicates their identification. Natural language processing (NLP) - like techniques, such as those used in DeepBGC, offers a promising solution by treating gene clusters like a language, allowing for identifying and collecting gene clusters based on patterns and relationships within the sequences. We curated and validatedalt-like clusters inPantoea ananatis97-1R (PA),Burkholderia gladiolipv.gladioliFDAARGOS 389 (BG), andPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato DC3000 –(PTO). Leveraging sequences from the RefSeq bacterial database, we conducted comparative analyses of gene synteny, gene/protein sequences, protein structures, and predicted protein interactions. This approach enabled the discovery of several novelalt-like clusters previously undetectable by other methods, which were further validated experimentally. Our work highlights the effectiveness of NLP-like techniques for identifying underrepresented gene clusters and expands our understanding of the diversity and utility ofalt-like clusters in diverse bacterial genera. This work demonstrates the potential of these techniques to simplify the identification process and enhance the applicability of biological data in real-world scenarios.Significance StatementThiosulfinates, like allicin, are potent antifeedants and antimicrobials produced byAlliumspecies and pose a challenge for phytopathogenic bacteria. Phytopathogenic bacteria have been shown to utilize an allicin tolerance (alt) gene cluster to circumvent this host response, leading to economically significant yield losses. Due to the complexity of mining these clusters, we applied techniques akin to natural language processing to analyze Pfam domains and gene proximity. This approach led to the identification of novelalt-like gene clusters, showcasing the potential of artificial intelligence to reveal elusive and underrepresented genetic clusters and enhance our understanding of their diversity and role across various bacterial genera.