Metabolites reflect variability introduced by mesoscale eddies in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Abstract

AbstractMesoscale eddies significantly alter open ocean environments such as those found in the subtropical gyres that cover a large fraction of the global ocean. Previous studies have explored eddy effects on biogeochemistry and microbial community composition but not on the molecular composition of particulate organic matter. This study reports the absolute concentration of 67 metabolites and relative abundances for 640 molecular features to understand how mesoscale eddies impact the metabolome of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre during two cruises in 2017 and 2018. We find that many metabolites track biomass trends, but metabolites like isethionic acid, homarine, and trigonelline linked to eukaryotic phytoplankton were enriched at the deep chlorophyll maximum of the cyclonic features, while degradation products such as arsenobetaine were enriched in anticyclones. In every analysis, metabolites with the strongest responses were detected via untargeted mass spectrometry, indicating that the molecules most sensitive to environmental perturbation were not among the characterized metabolome. By analyzing depth variability (accounting for 20-40% of metabolomic variability across ∼150 meters) and the vertical displacement of isopycnal surfaces (explaining 10-20% of variability across a sea level anomaly range of 40 centimeters and a spatial distance of 300 kilometers), this analysis constrains the importance of mesoscale eddies in shaping the chemical composition of particulate matter in the largest biomes on the planet.ImportanceMesoscale eddies are common ocean surface currents that circulate seawater vertically and horizontally. This stirring effect alters biogeochemistry and planktonic community composition. Here, we use metabolomics to determine how these eddy-induced changes influence the nature of organic carbon across an eddy dipole. We found that many small, polar molecules track with the overall particulate carbon in the system and that there were significant differences in metabolite composition between eddy states. A few metabolites reflected the increased importance of eukaryotic phytoplankton that were enriched by the higher nutrient supply from depth in the cyclonic eddies. Anticyclones contained more compounds that reflected a higher degree of degradation. This work answers outstanding questions about the importance of these common ocean features in shaping microbial community function.