Socio-economic determinants of early antenatal care visit among pregnant women in Zambia (2007-2019): Evidence from the Zambia Demographic and Health Surveys

Abstract

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONThe timing of antenatal care (ANC) attendance may affect outcomes for mother and child health. Using the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), we describe the adoption of at least four early ANC (ANC4+) visits and early uptake of ANC among women of reproductive age in Zambia between 2007 and 2019.METHODSWe made use of ZDHS data gathered between 2007 and 2019. In this investigation, all women between the ages of 15 and 49 were taken into account. Early ANC4+ was the desired result, which was defined as having at least four ANC visits with the first ANC visit occurring during the first four months of pregnancy. In Stata v17, weighted univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.RESULTSA total of 11633 (56%) of the 20661 women enrolled in our study had received early initiation of ANC4+. We saw an increase in the proportion of women who started ANC4+ early, from 55% in 2007 to 63% in 2018/19. There was a decreasing trend in the odds of early ANC4+ initiation with parity, but an increasing trend in the odds of early ANC4+ initiation with a higher level of education. Being a member of a wealthier household was associated with a lower risk of ANC4+ (OR= 0.81, 95%CI: 0.66-0.99, P=0.03). Twenty-seven percent of the 12,333 women who had at least four ANC visits, regardless of the timing of their first visit, reported being late for ANC.CONCLUSIONEarly ANC4+ uptake increased in Zambia between 2007 and 2019. There were, however, disparities due to wealth, education, and parity. We found that 27% of women who were misclassified as having at least ANC4+ using conventional analysis were actually late for ANC. We provide some key considerations for ensuring that Zambia and other similar settings achieve universal antenatal care coverage by 2030.