Adaptive admixture atACKR1(the Duffy locus) may have shapedPlasmodium vivaxprevalence in Oman

Abstract

AbstractMalaria in humans is largely caused by two divergent species ofPlasmodiumparasites,P. vivaxandP. falciparum, both of which have driven the spread of protective alleles in human populations. Notably, an erythrocyte-specific Duffy null allele (FyES) confers resistance toP. vivaxmalaria and has been identified as a target of strong, recent positive selection in multiple African admixed populations. Here, we evaluate evidence for selection via adaptive admixture in Oman, where compared to neighboring countries,P. vivaxhas recently been less common. Genetic ancestry inference using whole genome sequence data from 100 Omanis suggests 9.8% (95% CI: 7.3-12.2%) of their genetic ancestry is shared with east Africa. At the Duffy locus, we find a high frequency of FyESand an increase to 76% African ancestry. Comparing with blood group serology for the same individuals, we identify an additional Duffy-null allele that is rare but present across multiple Arabian Peninsula (AP) populations. Finally, we estimate the selection coefficient at FyESas 0.031 (95% CI: 0.029-0.034) with likely introduction at least 59 generations ago, older than estimates in other African admixed populations. Although we also observe higher frequency of someP. falciparum-protective alleles in Oman than in other AP populations, African ancestry is not enriched indicating a lack of evidence for adaptive admixture driven byP. falciparumselective pressure. Together, our analyses suggest that Oman’s long history with east African populations resulted in early introduction and selection for Duffy null alleles and may have influenced the prevalence ofP. vivaxin the region.