High-throughput complement component 4 genomic sequence analysis with C4Investigator

Abstract

AbstractThe complement component 4 gene locus, composed of theC4AandC4Bgenes and located on chromosome 6, encodes for C4 protein, a key intermediate in the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. The complement system is an important modulator of immune system activity and is also involved in the clearance of immune complexes and cellular debris. TheC4gene locus exhibits copy number variation, with each composite gene varying between 0-5 copies per haplotype,C4genes also vary in size depending on the presence of the HERV retrovirus in intron 9, denoted byC4(L)for long-form andC4(S)for short-form, which modulates expression and is found in bothC4AandC4B. Additionally, human blood group antigens Rodgers and Chido are located on the C4 protein, with the Rodger epitope generally found on C4A protein, and the Chido epitope generally found on C4B protein.C4copy number variation has been implicated in numerous autoimmune and pathogenic diseases. Despite the central role of C4 in immune function and regulation, high-throughput genomic sequence analysis ofC4variants has been impeded by the high degree of sequence similarity and complex genetic variation exhibited by these genes. To investigate C4 variation using genomic sequencing data, we have developed a novel bioinformatic pipeline for comprehensive, high-throughput characterization of humanC4sequence from short-read sequencing data, named C4Investigator. Using paired-end targeted or whole genome sequence data as input, C4Investigator determines gene copy number for overallC4, C4A, C4B, C4(Rodger), C4(Ch), C4(L), andC4(S), additionally, C4Ivestigator reports the full overallC4aligned sequence, enabling nucleotide level analysis ofC4. To demonstrate the utility of this workflow we have analyzedC4variation in the 1000 Genomes Project Dataset, showing that theC4genes are highly poly-allelic with many variants that have the potential to impact C4 protein function.