Abscisic acid inhibits germination of Striga seeds and is released by them as a rhizospheric signal providing competitive advantage and supporting host infestation

Abstract

SUMMARYSeeds of the root parasitic plantStriga hermonthicaundergo a conditioning process under humid and warm environments before germinating in response to host-released stimulants, particularly strigolactones (SLs). The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates different growth and developmental processes, and stress response; however, its role during Striga seed germination and early interactions with host plants is under-investigated.Here, we show that ABA inhibited Striga seed germination and that hindering its biosynthesis induced conditioning and germination in unconditioned seeds, which was significantly enhanced by treatment with the SL analograc-GR24. However, the inhibitory effect of ABA remarkably decreased during conditioning, confirming the loss of sensitivity towards ABA in later developmental stages. ABA measurement showed a significant reduction of its content during the early conditioning stage and a significant increase uponrac-GR24-triggered germination. We observed this increase also in released seed exudates, which was further confirmed by using the Arabidopsis ABA-reporter GUS marker line.Seed exudates of germinated seeds, containing elevated levels of ABA, impaired the germination of surrounding Striga seedsin vitroand promoted root growth of a rice host towards germinated Striga seeds. Application of ABA as a positive control caused similar effects, indicating its function in Striga/Striga and Striga/host communications.In summary, we show that ABA is an essential player during seed dormancy and germination processes in Striga and acts as a rhizospheric signal released by germinated parasitic seeds to provide a competitive advantage and support host infestation.Societal Impact StatementThe root parasitic plantStriga hermonthicais a severe threat to cereal’s yield, endangering global food security. Herein, we uncover a new role of the known plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) as a rhizospheric signal released by germinated Striga seeds, allowing them to better compete with surrounding un-conditioned seeds and facilitating host infestation. Our findings can help in developing strategies to control this parasite and mitigate its negative impact on the food supply and income of smallholder farmers.