The Metaxin Mitochondrial Import Proteins: Multiple Metaxin-like Proteins in Fungi

Abstract

ABSTRACTMultiple metaxin-like proteins are shown to exist in fungi, as also found for the metaxin proteins of vertebrates and invertebrates. In vertebrates, metaxins 1 and 2 are mitochondrial membrane proteins that function in the import of proteins into mitochondria. Fungal metaxin-like proteins were identified by criteria including their homology with human metaxins and the presence of characteristic GST_N_Metaxin, GST_C_Metaxin, and Tom37 protein domains. Fungi in different taxonomic divisions (phyla) were found to possess multiple metaxin-like proteins. These include the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, and Zoopagomycota divisions. Most fungi with multiple metaxin-like proteins contain two proteins, designated MTXa and MTXb. Amino acid sequence alignments show a high degree of homology among MTXa proteins, with over 60% amino acid identities, and also among MTXb proteins of fungi in the same division. But very little homology is observed in aligning MTXa with MTXb proteins of the same or different fungi. Both the MTXa proteins and MTXb proteins have the protein domains that characterize the metaxins and metaxin-like proteins: GST_N_Metaxin, GST_C_Metaxin, and Tom37. The metaxins and metaxin-like proteins of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists, and bacteria all possess these domains. The secondary structures of MTXa and MTXb proteins are both dominated by similar patterns of α-helical segments, but extensive β-strand segments are absent. Nine highly conserved α-helical segments are present, the same as other metaxins and metaxin-like proteins. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that MTXa and MTXb proteins of fungi form two separate and distinct groups. These groups are also separate from the groups of vertebrate metaxins, metaxin-related Sam37 proteins of yeasts, and metaxin-like FAXC proteins.