Pear flower and leaf microbiome dynamics during the naturally occurring spread ofErwinia amylovora

Abstract

AbstractErwinia amylovorais the causal pathogen of fire blight, a contagious disease that affects apple and pear trees and other members of the family Rosaceae. In this study, we investigated the population dynamics of the pear flower microbiome in an agricultural setting during the naturally occurring infection ofE. amylovora. Five potential factors were considered: collection date, the flower’s phenological stage, location on the tree, location within the orchard, and pear cultivar. The phenological stage and the collection date were identified as the most important factors associated with pear flower microbiome composition. The location of the tree in the orchard and the flower’s location on the tree had a marginal effect on the microbiome composition. The leaf microbiome reflected that of the abundant phenological stage on each date. The flower microbiome shifted towardsE. amylovora,dominating the community as time and phenological stages progressed, leading to decreased community diversity. The strain population ofE. amylovoraremained similar throughout the entire collection period. In contrast, other taxa, including Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Lactobacillus, and Sphingomonas, were represented by dozens of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and different succession patterns in their populations were observed. Some of the taxa identified include known antagonists toE. amylovora. Overall, our results suggest that flower physiology and the interaction with the environment are strongly associated with the pear flower microbiome and should be considered separately. Strain succession patterns for the different taxa underE. amylovoraspread may help in choosing candidates for antagonist-based treatments for fire blight.ImportanceThe spread of pathogens in plants is an important ecological phenomenon and has a significant economic impact on agriculture. Flowers serve as the entry point forE. amylovora,but members of the flower microbiome can inhibit or slow down the proliferation and penetration of the pathogen. Knowledge about leaf and flower microbiome response to the naturally occurring spread ofE. amylovorais still lacking. The current study is the first to describe the flower microbiome dynamics during the naturally occurring infectionof E. amylovora. Unlike previous studies, our experiment design enabled us to evaluate the contribution of five important environmental parameters to the community composition. We identified different strain succession patterns across different taxa in the flower consortia throughout the season. These results contribute to our understanding of plant microbial ecology during pathogen spread and can help to improve biological treatments for these diseases.