TheVibrioType III Secretion System 2 is not restricted to theVibrionaceaeand encodes differentially distributed repertoires of effector proteins

Abstract

ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticusis the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. A distinctive feature of the O3:K6 pandemic clone, and its derivatives, is the presence of a second, phylogenetically distinct, Type III Secretion System (T3SS2) encoded within the genomic island VPaI-7. The T3SS2 allows the delivery of effector proteins directly into the cytosol of infected eukaryotic cells to subvert key host cell processes, critical forV. parahaemolyticusto colonize and cause disease. Furthermore, the T3SS2 also increases the environmental fitness ofV. parahaemolyticusin its interaction with bacterivorous protists; hence it has been proposed that it contributed to the global oceanic spread of the pandemic clone. Several reports have identified T3SS2-related genes inVibrioand non-Vibriospecies, suggesting that the T3SS2 gene cluster is not restricted to theVibrionaceaeand can mobilize through horizontal gene transfer events. In this work, we performed a large-scale genomic analysis to determine the phylogenetic distribution of the T3SS2 gene cluster and its repertoire of effector proteins. We identified putative T3SS2 gene clusters in 1130 bacterial genomes from 8 bacterial genera, 5 bacterial families and 47 bacterial species. A hierarchical clustering analysis allowed us to define 6 T3SS2 subgroups (I-VI) with different repertoires of effector proteins, redefining the concepts of T3SS2 core and accessory effector proteins. Finally, we identified a subset of T3SS2 gene clusters (subgroup VI) that lack most T3SS2 effector proteins described to date and provided a list of 10 novel effector candidates for this subgroup through bioinformatic analysis. Collectively, our findings indicate that the T3SS2 extends beyond theVibrionaceaefamily and suggest that different effector protein repertories could have a differential impact on the pathogenic potential and environmental fitness of each bacteria that have acquired theVibrioT3SS2 gene cluster.DATA SUMMARYAll genome sequences used in this study were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) RefSeq or GenBank databases (SeeTable S1for accession numbers).Files for the T3SS2 reconstructed phylogenetic tree (Newick tree and MSA fasta file), hierarchical clustering data analysis file from MORPHEUS,Table S1with genome accession numbers and all the data of the absence/presence of T3SS2-related components, andTable S2with the prediction of novel effector proteins are available as part of the online Supporting Dataset at the Zenodo data repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7016552). The T3SS2 phylogenetic tree can be interactively visualized inhttps://itol.embl.de/tree/19016190125374711626959067#