Ex vivomidgut cultures ofAedes aegyptiare efficiently infected by mosquito-borne alpha- and flaviviruses

Abstract

AbstractAedes aegyptimosquitoes can transmit several arboviruses, including chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). When blood-feeding on a virus-infected human, the mosquito ingests the virus into the midgut (stomach), where it replicates and must overcome the midgut barrier to disseminate to other organs and ultimately be transmitted via the saliva. Current tools to study mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) include 2D-cell culture systems andin vivomosquito infection models, which offer great advantages, yet have some limitations.Here, we describe a long-termex vivoculture ofAe. aegyptimidguts. Cultured midguts were metabolically active for 7 days in a 96-well plate at 28°C and were permissive to ZIKV, DENV, Ross River virus (RRV) and CHIKV.Ex vivomidguts fromCulex pipiensmosquitoes were found to be permissive to Usutu virus (USUV). Immunofluorescence staining confirmed viral protein synthesis in CHIKV-infected midguts ofAe. aegypti. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy revealed replication and spread of a reporter DENV in specific regions of the midgut. In addition, two known antiviral molecules, β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) and 7-deaza-2’-C-methyladenosine (7DMA), were able to inhibit CHIKV and ZIKV replication, respectively, in theex vivomodel.Together, our results show thatex vivomidguts can be efficiently infected with mosquito-borne alpha- and flaviviruses and employed to evaluate antiviral drugs. Furthermore, the setup can be extended to other mosquito species.Ex vivomidgut cultures could thus be a new model to study MBVs, offering the advantage of reduced biosafety measures compared to infecting living mosquitoes.ImportanceMosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a significant global health threat since they can cause severe diseases in humans, such as hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and chronic arthritis. MBVs rely on the mosquito vector to infect new hosts and perpetuate virus transmission. No therapeutics are currently available. The study of arbovirus infection in the mosquito vector can greatly contribute to elucidating strategies for controlling arbovirus transmission. This work investigated the infection of midguts fromAedes aegyptimosquitoes in anex vivoplatform. We found several MBVs capable of replicating in the midgut tissue, including viruses of major health importance, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Additionally, antiviral compounds reduced arbovirus infection in the cultured midgut tissue. Overall, the midgut model emerges as a useful tool for diverse applications such as studying tissue-specific responses to virus infection and screening potential anti-arboviral molecules.