Chromosome-scaleSalvia hispanicaL. (Chia) genome assembly reveals rampantSalviainterspecies introgression

Abstract

ABSTRACTSalvia hispanicaL. (Chia), a member of the Lamiaceae, is an economically important crop in Mesoamerica, with health benefits associated with its seed fatty acid composition. Chia varieties are distinguished based on seed color including mixed white and black (Chia pinta) and black (Chia negra). To facilitate research on Chia and expand on comparative analyses within the Lamiaceae, we generated a chromosome-scale assembly of a Chia pinta accession and performed comparative genome analyses with a previously published Chia negra genome assembly. The Chia pinta and negra genome sequences were highly similar as shown by a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and extensive shared orthologous gene membership. There is an enrichment of terpene synthases in the Chia pinta genome relative to the Chia negra genome. We sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 20 Chia accessions with differing seed color and geographic origin revealing population structure withinS. hispanicaand interspecific introgressions ofSalviaspecies. As the genusSalviais polyphyletic, its evolutionary history remains unclear. Using large-scale synteny analysis within the Lamiaceae and orthologous group membership, we resolved the phylogeny ofSalviaspecies. This study and its collective resources further our understanding of genomic diversity in this food crop and the extent of inter-species hybridizations inSalvia.PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYChia pinta is an economically important crop due to the high fatty acid present in the seeds. There are multiple types of Chia based on the seeds color including mixed which and black (Chia pinta), black (Chia negra), and white (Chia blanca). We generated a genome assembly of Chia pinta and compared it to existing genome assemblies. While the assemblies are highly similar there are key differences in terpene synthase composition between Chia pinta and Chia negra. We also sequenced 20 other Chia accessions with different seed color and geographic origin to determine a population structure within Chia. We generated genomic resources to further our understanding of this food crop.ABBREVIATIONSBGC Biosynthetic gene clusterBUSCO Benchmarking Universal Single Copy Orthologs GO Gene ontologySNP Single nucleotide polymorphism TIR Terminal inverted repeatTPS Terpene synthaseWGS Whole genome shotgun