Overview of effects of motor learning strategies in neurological and geriatric populations: a systematic mapping review

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMotor learning plays a central role in neurological and geriatric rehabilitation. The wide range of motor learning strategies and increase in evidence can make it difficult to make informed decisions about the use of motor learning strategies in practice. This review’s aim was to provide a broad overview of the current state of research regarding the effects of seven commonly used motor learning strategies to improve functional tasks within older neurological and geriatric populations.MethodA systematic mapping review of randomised controlled trials was conducted regarding the effectiveness of seven motor learning strategies – errorless learning, analogy learning, observational learning, trial-and-error learning, dual-task learning, discovery learning, and movement imagery – within the geriatric and neurological population. PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases were searched. The Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess bias; additionally, papers underwent screening for sample size justification.ResultsEighty-seven articles were included. Identified articles regarding the effects of the targeted motor learning strategies started around the year 2000 and mainly emerged since 2010. Eight different populations were included, e.g. Parkinson’s, and stroke. Studies were not equally balanced across the motor learning strategies or target groups and overall showed a moderate to high risk of bias. Positive trends regarding effects were observed for dual-tasking, observational learning and movement imagery.ConclusionsThe findings show a skewed distribution of studies across motor learning interventions, which have been researched within a variety of populations. Methodological shortcomings make it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness of motor learning strategies. Future researchers are strongly advised to follow guidelines that aid in maintaining methodological quality. Moreover, alternative designs fitting the complex practice situation should be considered.