Replication-dependent organisation constrains positioning of long DNA repeats in bacterial genomes

Abstract

AbstractBacterial genome organisation is primarily driven by chromosome replication from a single origin of replication. However chromosomal rearrangements, which can disrupt such organisation, are inevitable in nature. Long DNA repeats are major players mediating rearrangements, large and small, via homologous recombination. Since changes to genome organisation affect bacterial fitness - and more so in fast-growing than slow-growing bacteria - and are under selection, it is reasonable to expect that genomic positioning of long DNA repeats is also under selection. To test this, we identified identical DNA repeats of at least 100 base pairs across ~6,000 bacterial genomes and compared their distribution in fast and slow growing bacteria. We find that long identical DNA repeats are distributed in a non-random manner across bacterial genomes. Their distribution differs in their overall number, orientation and proximity to the origin of replication, in fast and slow growing bacteria. We show that their positioning - which might arise from a combination of the processes that produce repeats and selection on rearrangements that recombination between repeat elements might cause - permits minimum disruption to the replication-dependent genome organisation of bacteria, thus acting as a major constraint.