Metabolism of glucose activates TORC1 through multiple mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

SummaryTarget of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) is a conserved eukaryotic protein complex that links the presence of nutrients with cell growth. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC1 activity is positively regulated by the presence of amino acids and glucose in the medium. However, mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced TORC1 activation remain poorly understood. By utilizing a TORC1 activation assay, we demonstrate that differential metabolism of glucose activates TORC1 through three distinct pathways in yeast. The first ‘canonical Rag GTPase-dependent pathway’ requires conversion of glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate which activates TORC1 via the Rag GTPase heterodimer Gtr1GTP/Gtr2GDP. The second ‘non-canonical Rag GTPase-dependent pathway’ requires conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate which activates TORC1 via Gtr1GTP/Gtr2GTP. The third ‘Rag GTPase-independent pathway’ requires complete glycolysis and vacuolar ATPase reassembly for TORC1 activation. Glucose-induced TORC1 activation can be uncoupled from glucose-induced AMPK inactivation. We have established a roadmap to deconstruct the link between glucose metabolism and TORC1 activation.