Dbf4 recruitment by forkhead transcription factors defines an upstream rate-limiting step in determining origin firing timing

Abstract

Initiation of eukaryotic chromosome replication follows a spatiotemporal program. The current model suggests that replication origins compete for a limited pool of initiation factors. However, it remains to be answered how these limiting factors are preferentially recruited to early origins. Here, we report that Dbf4 is enriched at early origins through its interaction with forkhead transcription factors Fkh1 and Fkh2. This interaction is mediated by the Dbf4 C terminus and was successfully reconstituted in vitro. An interaction-defective mutant, dbf4ΔC, phenocopies fkh alleles in terms of origin firing. Remarkably, genome-wide replication profiles reveal that the direct fusion of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of Fkh1 to Dbf4 restores the Fkh-dependent origin firing but interferes specifically with the pericentromeric origin activation. Furthermore, Dbf4 interacts directly with Sld3 and promotes the recruitment of downstream limiting factors. These data suggest that Fkh1 targets Dbf4 to a subset of noncentromeric origins to promote early replication in a manner that is reminiscent of the recruitment of Dbf4 to pericentromeric origins by Ctf19.