Spatial and temporal variation in abundance of introduced African fig fly (Zaprionus indianus) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the eastern United States

Abstract

AbstractThe African fig fly,Zaprionus indianus(Gupta), has spread globally from its native range in tropical Africa, becoming an invasive crop pest in select areas such as Brazil.Z. indianuswas first reported in the United States in 2005 and has since been documented as far north as Canada. As a tropical species,Z. indianusis expected to have low cold tolerance, likely limiting its ability to persist at northern latitudes. In North America, the geographic regions whereZ. indianuscan thrive and seasonal fluctuations in its abundance are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal and spatial variation inZ. indianusabundance to better understand its invasion of the eastern United States. We sampled drosophilid communities over the growing season at two orchards in Virginia from 2020-2022 and several locations along the East Coast during the fall of 2022. Virginia abundance curves showed similar seasonal dynamics across years with individuals first detected around July and becoming absent around December. Massachusetts was the northernmost population and noZ. indianuswere detected in Maine. Variation inZ. indianusrelative abundance was high between nearby orchards and across different fruits within orchards but was not correlated with latitude. Fitness of wild-caught females decreased later in the season and at higher latitudes. The patterns ofZ. indianusabundance shown here demonstrate an apparent susceptibility to cold and highlight a need for systematic sampling to accurately characterize the range and spread ofZ. indianus.