ZIP4is required for normal progression of synapsis and for over 95% of crossovers in wheat meiosis

Abstract

AbstractTetraploid and hexaploid wheat have multiple genomes, with successful meiosis and preservation of fertility relying on synapsis and crossover only taking place between homologous chromosomes. In hexaploid wheat, the major meiotic geneTaZIP4-B2(Ph1) on chromosome 5B, promotes crossover between homologous chromosomes, whilst suppressing crossover between homeologous (related) chromosomes. Tetraploid wheat has threeZIP4copies:TtZIP4-A1on chromosome 3A,TtZIP4-B1on 3B andTtZIP4-B2on 5B. Previous studies showed thatZIP4mutations eliminate approximately 85% of crossovers, consistent with loss of the class I crossover pathway. Here, we show that disruption of twoZIP4gene copies inTtzip4-A1B1double mutants, results in a 76-78% reduction in crossovers when compared to wild-type plants. Moreover, when all three copies are disrupted inTtzip4-A1B1B2triple mutants, crossover is reduced by over 95%, suggesting that theTtZIP4-B2copy is also affecting class II crossovers. This implies that, in wheat, the class I and class II crossover pathways may be interlinked. WhenZIP4duplicated and diverged from chromosome 3B on wheat polyploidization, the new 5B copy,TaZIP4-B2, may have acquired an additional function to stabilize both crossover pathways. In plants deficient in all threeZIP4copies, synapsis is delayed and does not complete, consistent with our previous studies in hexaploid wheat, when a similar delay in synapsis was observed in a 59.3Mb deletion mutant,ph1b, encompassing theTaZIP4-B2gene on chromosome 5B. These findings confirm the requirement ofZIP4-B2for efficient synapsis, and suggest thatTtZIP4genes have a stronger effect on synapsis than previously described in Arabidopsis and rice. Thus,ZIP4-B2accounts for the two major phenotypes reported forPh1, promotion of homologous synapsis and suppression of homeologous crossover.Key messageIn tetraploid wheat,ZIP4is required for efficient chromosome synapsis and for over 95% of crossovers, involving both the class I and class II crossover pathways.Author contribution statementTD grew and maintained the plants, made the crosses, carried out the KASP genotyping and sequencing, carried out the meiotic metaphase I studies and produced the corresponding figure, and wrote the manuscript. M-DR scored chromosome crossover, performed the statistical analysis and produced the graphs. AM selected the TILLING mutant, carried out the immunolocalization and FISH experiments and produced the immunolocalization figure; SH and MS developed theTtzip4-B2CRISPR mutant in Kronos using RNA-guided Cas9 and produced the CRISPRTtzip4-B2sequence figure; AKA designed the KASP primers; AM and GM provided the concept, provided thoughts and guidance, and revised and edited the manuscript.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.