Fgf8regulates first pharyngeal arch segmentation through pouch-cleft interactions

Abstract

AbstractThe pharyngeal arches are transient developmental structures that, in vertebrates, give rise to tissues of the head and neck. A critical process underlying the specification of distinct arch derivatives is segmentation of the arches along the anterior-posterior axis. Out-pocketing of the pharyngeal endoderm between the arches is a key mediator of this process, and although it is essential, mechanisms regulating out-pocketing vary between pouches and between taxa. Here, we focus on the patterning and morphogenesis of epithelia associated with the first pharyngeal arch, the first pharyngeal pouch (pp1) and the first pharyngeal cleft (pc1), and the role ofFgf8dosage in these processes. We find that severe reductions ofFgf8levels disrupt both pp1 and pc1 development. Notably, out-pocketing of pp1 is largely robust toFgf8reductions, however, pp1 extension along the proximal-distal axis fails whenFgf8is low. Our data indicate that extension of pp1 requires physical interaction with pc1, and that multiple aspects of pc1 morphogenesis requireFgf8. In particular,Fgf8is required for specification of regional identity in both pp1 and pc1, for localized changes in cell polarity, and for elongation and extension of both pp1 and pc1. Overall, our data indicate a critical role for the lateral surface ectoderm in segmentation of the first pharyngeal arch that has previously been under-appreciated.