Behavioral control through the direct, focal silencing of neuronal activity

Abstract

ABSTRACTVoltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) activity underlies electrical signaling, synaptic release, circuit function, and, ultimately, behavior. Molecular tools that enable precise control of NaVsubpopulations make possible temporal regulation of neuronal activity and cellular communication. To rapidly modulate NaVcurrents, we have rendered a potent NaVinhibitor, saxitoxin, transiently inert through chemical protection with a novel nitrobenzyl-derived photocleavable group. Light-induced uncaging of the photocaged toxin, STX-bpc, effects rapid inhibitor release and focal NaVblock. We demonstrate the efficacy of this reagent for manipulating action potentials in mammalian neurons and brain slice and for altering locomotor behavior in larval zebrafish. Photo-uncaging of STX-bpc is a non-invasive, effective method for reversible, spatiotemporally precise tuning of NaVcurrents, application of which requires no genetic manipulation of the biological sample.