Toward Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Ultrasound: Ultrasound-guided Ablation in Neuro-oncology

Abstract

ABSTRACTIntroductionTo improve patient outcomes (eg, reducing blood loss and infection), practitioners have gravitated toward noninvasive and minimally invasive surgeries (MIS), which demand specialized toolkits. Focused ultrasound, for example, facilitates thermal ablation from a distance, thereby reducing injury to surrounding tissue. Focused ultrasound can often be performed noninvasively; however, it is more difficult to carry out in neuro-oncological tumors, as ultrasound is dramatically attenuated while propagating through the skull. This shortcoming has prompted exploration of MIS options for intracranial placement of focused ultrasound probes, such as within the BrainPath™ (NICO Corporation, Indianapolis, IN). Herein, we present the design, development, and in vitro testing of an image-guided, focused ultrasound prototype designed for use in MIS procedures. This probe can ablate neuro-oncological lesions despite its small size.Materials & MethodsPreliminary prototypes were iteratively designed, built, and tested. The final prototype consisted of three 8-mm-diameter therapeutic elements guided by an imaging probe. Probe functionality was validated on a series of tissue-mimicking phantoms.ResultsLesions were created in tissue-mimicking phantoms with average dimensions of 2.5×1.2×6.5mm and 3.4×3.25×9.36mm after 10- and 30-second sonification, respectively. 30s sonification with 118W power at 50% duty cycle generated a peak temperature of 68°C. Each ablation was visualized in real time by the built-in imaging probe.ConclusionWe developed and validated an ultrasound-guided focused ultrasound probe for use in MIS procedures. The dimensional constraints of the prototype were designed to reflect those of BrainPath trocars, which are MIS tools used to create atraumatic access to deep-seated brain pathologies.HIGHLIGHTSAn ultrasound-guided, focused ultrasound prototype was developed and validatedThe therapeutic transducer (1.5MHz) consisted of three 8-mm circular elementsElements were placed on a 9×32mm curved rectangular aperture: 45mm radius curvatureFunctionality was examined on tissue-mimicking phantoms2.5×1.2×6.5mm and 3.4×3.25×9.36mm lesions were seen for 10 and 30s sonification