Arc Regulates Transcription of Genes for Plasticity, Excitability and Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe immediate-early gene Arc is a master regulator of synaptic function and a critical determinant of memory consolidation. Arc protein is localized to excitatory synapses, where it controls AMPA receptor endocytosis, and to the nucleus, where it associates with Tip60, a subunit of a chromatin modifying complex. Here we show that Arc interacts with dynamic chromatin loops and associates with histone markers for active enhancers and transcription in cultured hippocampal neurons. When Arc induction by pharmacological network activation was prevented using a short hairpin RNA, the expression profile was altered for over 1900 genes. Many gene families were affected by the absence of Arc, most notably those associated with synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, intrinsic excitability (channels, receptors, transporters), and signaling pathways (transcription factors/regulators). Interestingly, about 100 genes whose activity-dependent expression level depends on Arc are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting a critical role for Arc in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. When endogenous Arc expression was induced in a non-neuronal cell line (HEK293T), the transcription of many neuronal genes was increased, suggesting Arc can control expression in the absence of activated signaling pathways. Taken together, these data establish Arc as a master regulator of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression and a significant factor underlying the pathophysiology Alzheimer’s disease.