Conserved Metabolic Regulator ArcA Responds to Oxygen Availability, Iron Limitation, and Cell Envelope Perturbations during Bacteremia

Abstract

ABSTRACTBacteremia, a systemic infection associated with severe clinical outcomes, is often caused by Gram-negative facultative anaerobes. ArcAB, a two-component regulatory system that represses aerobic respiration, is a key mediator of metabolic adaptation for such bacteria. Using targeted mutational analysis informed by global genetic screens, we identified thearcAgene as promoting fitness ofKlebsiella pneumoniae,Citrobacter freundii, andSerratia marcescensbut notEscherichia coliin a murine model of bacteremia. Engineered mutants lackingarcAexhibit a dysregulated response to changes in oxygen availability, iron limitation, and membrane perturbations, all of which bacterial cells experience during infection. The genetic response of thearcAmutants relative to wild-type strains to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B demonstrates an expanded role for ArcA as an activator in response to membrane damage in addition to metabolic adaptation. ArcA function is furthermore linked to electron transport chain activity based on its response to uncoupling of proton motive force by carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Differences in lactate and acetate levels as well as lactate dehydrogenase activity betweenarcAmutant and wild-type cells following CCCP treatment establish an ArcA-mediated shift to fermentation independent of oxygen availability. This study highlights the semi-conserved role of ArcA during bacteremia and consolidates infection phenotypes into a comprehensive model based on respiratory activity.AUTHOR SUMMARYInfections of the bloodstream are life-threatening and can result in sepsis, an overreaction of the host immune system that ultimately damages the body. Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for causing many cases of bloodstream infections, also referred to as bacteremia. The long-term goal of our work is to understand how these bacteria establish and maintain infection during bacteremia. We have previously identified the transcription factor ArcA, which promotes fermentation in bacteria, as a likely contributor to the growth and survival of bacteria in this environment. Here, we study ArcA in the Gram-negative speciesCitrobacter freundii,Klebsiella pneumoniae,andSerratia marcescens.Our findings aid in determining how these bacteria sense their environment, utilize nutrients, and generate energy while also countering attacks from the host immune system. This information is critical for developing better models of infection to inform future therapeutic development.