Complex spikes perturb movements, revealing the sensorimotor map of Purkinje cells

Abstract

AbstractThe cerebellar cortex performs computations that are critical for control of our actions, and then transmits that information via simple spikes of Purkinje cells (P-cells) to downstream structures. However, because P-cells are many synapses away from muscles, we do not know how their output affects behavior. Furthermore, we do not know the level of abstraction, i.e., the coordinate system of the P-cell’s output. Here, we recorded spiking activities of hundreds of P-cells in the oculomotor vermis of marmosets during saccadic eye movements and found that following the presentation of a visual stimulus, the olivary input to a P-cell encoded a probabilistic signal that coarsely described both the direction and the amplitude of that stimulus. When this input was present, the resulting complex spike briefly suppressed the P-cell’s simple spikes, disrupting the P-cell’s output during that saccade. Remarkably, this brief suppression altered the saccade’s trajectory by pulling the eyes toward the part of the visual space that was preferentially encoded by the olivary input to that P-cell. Thus, analysis of behavior in the milliseconds following a complex spike unmasked how the P-cell’s output influenced behavior: the preferred location in the coordinates of the visual system as conveyed probabilistically from the inferior olive to a P-cell defined the action in the coordinates of the motor system for which that P-cell’s simple spikes directed behavior.SignificanceWe lack general principles that can describe how changes in a P-cell’s simple spikes might alter behavior. Here, we show that a brief suppression of a P-cell’s simple spikes in the oculomotor vermis consistently pulls the eyes in a direction that corresponds to the preferred location of the sensory space as conveyed probabilistically to that P-cell from the inferior olive. Thus, the inferior olive defines the coordinate system regarding the information that a P-cell is providing to the rest of the brain.