Mechanisms of regulation of cryptic prophage-encoded gene products inEscherichia coli

Abstract

AbstractThedicBFoperon of Qin cryptic prophage inEscherichia coliK12 encodes the small RNA (sRNA) DicF and small protein DicB, which regulate host cell division and are toxic when overexpressed. While new functions of DicB and DicF have been identified in recent years, the mechanisms controlling the expression of thedicBFoperon have remained unclear. Under standard laboratory growth conditions, transcription fromdicBp,the major promoter of thedicBFoperon, is repressed by DicA. Here, we discovered that transcription of thedicBFoperon and processing of the polycistronic mRNA is regulated by multiple mechanisms. DicF sRNA accumulates during stationary phase and is processed from the polycistronicdicBFmRNA by the action of both RNase III and RNase E. DicA-mediated transcriptional repression ofdicBpcan be relieved by an antirepressor protein, Rem, encoded on the Qin prophage. Ectopic production of Rem results in cell filamentation due to strong induction of thedicBFoperon and filamentation is mediated by DicF and DicB. Spontaneous derepression ofdicBpoccurs in a subpopulation of cells independent of the antirepressor. This phenomenon is reminiscent of the bistable switch of λ phage with DicA and DicC performing functions similar to CI and Cro, respectively. Additional experiments demonstrate stress-dependent induction of thedicBFoperon. Collectively, our results illustrate that toxic genes encoded on cryptic prophages are subject to layered mechanisms of control, some that are derived from the ancestral phage and some that are likely later adaptations.ImportanceCryptic or defective prophages have lost genes necessary to excise from the bacterial chromosome and produce phage progeny. In recent years, studies have found that cryptic prophage gene products influence diverse aspects of bacterial host cell physiology. However, to obtain a complete understanding of the relationship between cryptic prophages and the host bacterium, identification of the environmental, host or prophage-encoded factors that induce the expression of cryptic prophage genes is crucial. In this study, we examine the regulation of a cryptic prophage operon inEscherichia coliencoding a small RNA and a small protein that are involved in inhibiting bacterial cell division, altering host metabolism, and protecting the host bacterium from phage infections.