Acute Metabolic Emergencies in Diabetes and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 is associated with DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis), HHS (Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State) and EDKA (Euglycaemic DKA). High mortality has been observed in COVID-19-related diabetic ketoacidosis; however, evidence is scarce.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted using EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar from January to December 2020 to identify all case reports describing DKA, HHS, and EDKA, in COVID-19 patients. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for case reports was used for quality assessment. Univariate and multivariate analysis assessed correlations of study origin, combined DKA/HHS, age, BMI, HbA1c, administered antidiabetics, comorbidities, symptoms onset, disease status (DS), CRP, ferritin, d-dimers, glucose, osmolarity, pH, bicarbonates, ketones, lactates, β-hydroxybutyric acid, anion gap, and acute kidney injury (AKI) with outcome. The relevant protocol was submitted to PROSPERO database (ID: 229356).ResultsFrom 312 identified publications, 41 including 71 cases analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The types of acute metabolic emergencies observed were DKA (45/71, 63.4%), EDKA (6/71, 8.5%), combined DKA/HHS (19/71, 26.8%), and HHS (1/71, 1.4%). Overall mortality was 32.4% (22/68 patients; 3 missing). Multivariate analysis by classical regression demonstrated that COVID-19 DS4 (P=3•10−8), presence of DKA/HHS (P=0.021), and development of AKI (P=0.037) were all independently correlated with death. Increased DS (P=0.003), elevated lactates (P<0.001), augmented anion gap (P<0.001), and presence of AKI (P=0.002) were associated with DKA/HHS. SGLT-2i administration was linked with EDKA (P=0.004); however, a negative association with AKI was noted (P=0.023).ConclusionCOVID-19 intertwines with acute metabolic emergencies in diabetes leading to increased mortality. Key determinants are critical COVID-19 illness, coexistence of DKA/HHS and AKI. Awareness of clinicians to timely assess them might enable early detection and immediate treatment commencing. As previous treatment with was negatively associated with AKI, thus implying a prophylactic effect on renal function, the issue of discontinuation of SGLT-2i in COVID-19 patients remains to be further evaluated.Key messagesWhat is already known on this subject▸Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients.▸Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are not rare in COVID-19 diabetic and non-diabetic patients; key determinants of outcome remain unknown.What this study adds▸COVID-19 intertwines with acute metabolic emergencies in diabetes leading to increased mortality; key determinants are critical COVID-19 illness, coexistence of DKA and HHS as well as development of acute kidney injury.▸SGLT2-i administration is linked with euglycaemic DKA in patients with COVID-19, though preserving renal function.