The Phosphorylation Status of NPH3 Affects Photosensory Adaptation During the Phototropic Response

Abstract

ABSTRACTPhotosensory adaptation, which can be classified as sensor or effector adaptation, optimizes the light sensing of living organisms by tuning their sensitivity to changing light conditions. During the phototropic response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the light-dependent expression controls of blue-light photoreceptor phototropin1 (phot1) and its modulator ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 (RPT2) are known as the molecular mechanisms underlying sensor adaptation. However, little is known about effector adaption in plant phototropism. Here we show that control of the phosphorylation status of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) leads to effector adaptation in hypocotyl phototropism. We identified seven phosphorylation sites of NPH3 proteins in the etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis and generated unphosphorable and phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins on those sites. Unphosphorable NPH3 showed a shortening of its subcellular localization in the cytosol and caused an inability to adapt to very low fluence rates of blue light (∼10−5 µmol m−2 s−1) during the phototropic response. In contrast, the phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins had a lengthened subcellular localization in the cytosol and could not lead to the adaptation for blue light at fluence rates of 10−3 µmol m−2 s−1 or more. Our results suggest that the activation levels of phot1 and the corresponding phosphorylation levels of NPH3 determine the rate of plasma membrane-cytosol shuttling of NPH3, which moderately maintains the active state of phot1 signaling across a broad range of blue-light intensities and contributes to the photosensory adaptation of phot1 signaling during the phototropic response in hypocotyls.One sentence summaryThe phosphorylation status of NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 proteins affects their subcellular localization and the photosensory adaptation of phot1 signaling.