Novel isolates expand the physiological diversity ofProchlorococcusand illuminate its macroevolution

Abstract

AbstractProchlorococcusis a diverse picocyanobacterial genus and the most abundant phototroph on Earth. Its photosynthetic diversity divides it into high- or low-light adapted groups representing broad phylogenetic grades - each composed of several monophyletic clades. Here we physiologically characterize four newProchlorococcusstrains isolated from below the deep chlorophyll maximum in the North Pacific Ocean and combine this information with genomic and evolutionary analyses. The isolates belong to deeply-branching low-light adapted clades that have no other cultivated representatives and display some unusual characteristics. For example, despite its otherwise low-light adapted physiological characteristics, strain MIT1223 has low chlb2content similar to high-light adapted strains. Isolate genomes revealed that each strain contains a unique arsenal of pigment biosynthesis and binding alleles that have been horizontally acquired, contributing to the observed physiological diversity. Comparative genomic analysis of all picocyanobacteria reveals that Pcb, the major pigment carrying protein inProchlorococcus, greatly increased in copy number and diversity per genome along a branch that coincides with the loss of facultative particle attachment. Collectively, these observations add support to the current macroevolutionary model of picocyanobacteria, where niche constructing radiations allowed ancestral lineages to transition from a particle-attached to planktonic lifestyle and broadly colonize the water column, followed by adaptive radiations near the surface that pushed ancestral lineages deeper in the euphotic zone resulting in modern depth-abundance profiles.Originality-Significance StatementThe marine cyanobacterium,Prochlorococcus, is among the Earth’s most abundant organisms, and much of its genetic and physiological diversity remains uncharacterized. While field studies help reveal the scope of diversity, cultured isolates allow us to link genomic potential to physiological processes, illuminate eco-evolutionary feedbacks, and test theories arising from comparative genomics of wild cells. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of novel low-light (LL) adaptedProchlorococcusstrains that fill in multiple evolutionary gaps. These new strains are the first cultivated representatives of the LLVII and LLVIII paraphyletic grades ofProchlorococcus, which are broadly distributed in the lower regions of the ocean euphotic zone. Each of these grades is a unique, highly diverse section of theProchlorococcustree that separates distinct ecological groups: the LLVII grade branches between monophyletic clades that have facultatively particle-associated and constitutively planktonic lifestyles, while the LLVIII grade lies along the branch that leads to all high-light (HL) adapted clades. Characterizing strains and genomes from these grades yields insights into the large-scale evolution ofProchlorococcus.The new LLVII and LLVIII strains are adapted to growth at very low irradiance levels and possess unique light-harvesting gene signatures and pigmentation. The LLVII strains represent the most basalProchlorococcusgroup with a major expansion in photosynthetic antenna genes. Further, a strain from the LLVIII grade challenges the paradigm that all LL-adaptedProchlorococcusexhibit high ratios of chlb:a2. These findings provide insights into major transitions inProchlorococcusevolution, from the benthos to a fully planktonic lifestyle and from growth at low irradiances to the rise of the HL-adapted clades that dominate the modern ocean.