Plant plasmodesmata bridges form through ER-driven incomplete cytokinesis

Abstract

AbstractDiverging from conventional cell division models, plant cells undergo incomplete division to generate plasmodesmata communication bridges between daughter cells. While fundamental for plant multicellularity, the mechanisms governing bridge stabilization, as opposed to severing, remain unknown. We found that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is decisive in promoting incomplete cytokinesis by inhibiting local abscission events. ER tubes within contracting cell plate fenestrae create energy barriers preventing full closure. Contraction ceases upon encountering a metastable ER-plasma membrane tubular structure, leading to plasmodesmata formation. This process relies on the ER-tethers multiple C2 domains and transmembrane domain proteins 3, 4, and 6, which act as ER stabilizers, preserving ER position and integrity in nascent bridges. Our findings unveil the mechanisms through which plants undergo incomplete division to promote intercellular communication.One-Sentence SummaryUninterrupted ER connections obstruct abscission, causing incomplete cytokinesis and plasmodesmata formation in plants.