Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) LANA Prevents KSHV Episomes from Degradation

Abstract

ABSTRACTProtein knock-down with an inducible degradation system is a powerful tool to study proteins of interest in living cells. Here, we adopted the auxin-inducible degron (AID) approach to detail Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) function in latency maintenance and inducible viral lytic gene expression. We fused the mini-AID (mAID) tag at the LANA N-terminus with KSHV BAC16 recombination, and iSLK cells were stably infected with the recombinant KSHV encoding mAID-LANA. Incubation with 5-phenyl-indole-3-acetic acid (5-Ph-IAA), a derivative of natural auxin, rapidly degraded LANA within 1.5 h. In contrast to our hypothesis, depletion of LANA did not trigger lytic reactivation but rather decreased inducible lytic gene expression when we stimulated reactivation with a combination of ORF50 protein expression and sodium butyrate treatment. Decreased overall lytic gene induction seemed to associate with a rapid loss of KSHV genomes in the absence of LANA. The rapid loss of viral genomic DNA was blocked by treatment with lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of cellular innate immune proteins, cyclic AMP-GMP synthase (cGAS) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING), and other autophagy-related genes rescued the degradation of viral genomic DNA upon LANA depletion. These results suggest that LANA is actively protecting viral genomic DNA from sensing by cGAS-STING signaling axis, and add novel insights into the role of LANA in latency maintenance.IMPORTANCEKSHV LANA plays a wide variety of roles in latency maintenance and lytic gene expression. We adopted the inducible protein knockdown approach and revealed that depletion of LANA induced rapid degradation of viral genomic DNA. The viral genome degradation was rescued by inhibition of the cellular innate immune pathway and autophagy. These observations suggest that LANA might play a role in hiding KSHV episome from cellular innate immune DNA sensors. Our study thus provides novel insights into the role of LANA in latency maintenance.