Phagocyte-expressed glycosaminoglycans promote capture of alphaviruses from the blood circulation in a host species-specific manner

Abstract

AbstractThe magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia are critical determinants of arbovirus transmission, geographic spread, and disease severity—yet, mechanisms determining arbovirus viremia levels are poorly defined. Previous studies have drawn associations between in vitro virion-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions and in vivo clearance kinetics of virions from blood circulation. From these observations, it is commonly hypothesized that GAG-binding virions are rapidly removed from circulation due to ubiquitous expression of GAGs by vascular endothelial cells, thereby limiting viremia. Using an in vivo model for viremia, we compared the vascular clearance of low and enhanced GAG-binding viral variants of chikungunya (CHIKV), eastern-(EEEV), and Venezuelan-(VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses. We find GAG-binding virions are more quickly removed from circulation than their non-GAG-binding variant; however individual clearance kinetics vary between GAG-binding viruses, from swift (VEEV) to slow removal from circulation (EEEV). Remarkably, we find phagocytes are required for efficient vascular clearance of some enhanced GAG-binding virions. Moreover, transient depletion of vascular heparan sulfate (HS) impedes vascular clearance of only some GAG-binding viral variants and in a phagocyte-dependent manner, implying phagocytes can mediate vascular GAG-virion interactions. Finally, in direct contrast to mice, we find enhanced GAG-binding EEEV is resistant to vascular clearance in avian hosts, suggesting the existence of species-specificity in virion-GAG interactions. In summary, these data support a role for GAG-mediated clearance of some viral particles from the blood circulation, illuminate the potential of blood-contacting phagocytes as a site for GAG-virion binding, and suggest a role for species-specific GAG structures in arbovirus ecology.Significance StatementPreviously, evidence of arbovirus-GAG interactions in vivo has been limited to associations between viral residues shown to promote enhanced GAG-binding phenotypes in vitro and in vivo phenotypes of viral dissemination and pathogenesis. By directly manipulating host GAG expression, we identified virion-GAG interactions in vivo and discovered a role for phagocyte-expressed GAGs in viral vascular clearance. Moreover, we observe species-specific differences in viral vascular clearance of enhanced GAG-binding virions between murine and avian hosts. These data suggest species-specific variation in GAG structure is a mechanism to distinguish amplifying from dead-end hosts for arbovirus transmission.