TENSCell: A 3D-Printed Device for High-Magnification Imaging of Stretch-Activated Cells Reveals Divergent Nuclear Behavior to Different Levels of Strain

Abstract

ABSTRACTMechanical cues from the environment influence cell behavior. Mechanisms of cellular mechanosensation are unclear, partially due to a lack of methods that can reveal dynamic processes. Here, we present a new concept for a low-cost, 3D-printed TENSCell (TENSion in Cells) device, that enables high-magnification imaging of cells during stretch. Using this device, we observed that nuclei of mouse embryonic skin fibroblasts underwent rapid and divergent responses, characterized by nuclear area expansion during 5% strain, but nuclear area shrinkage during 20% strain. Only responses to low strain were dependent on calcium signaling, while actin inhibition abrogated all nuclear responses and increased nuclear strain transfer and DNA damage. Imaging of actin dynamics during stretch revealed similar divergent trends, with F-actin shifting away from (5% strain) or towards (20% strain) the nuclear periphery. Our findings emphasize the importance of simultaneous stimulation and data acquisition to capture rapid mechanosensitive processes and suggest that mechanical confinement of nuclei through actin may be a protective mechanism during high strain loads.STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCECells can sense and respond to mechanical cues in their environment. These responses can be rapid, on the time scale of seconds, and new methods are required for their acquisition and study. We introduce a new concept for a 3D-printed cell-stretch device that allows for simultaneous high-resolution imaging, while also being low-cost and easy to assemble to enable broad applicability. Using this device, we further demonstrated to importance of simultaneous stimulation and data acquisition to elicit mechanosensitive cell behavior as we observed rapid changes in nuclear size and reorganization of actin filaments around the nuclear border in skin cells. Overall, our results suggest that the rapid reorganization of actin during high loads might protect the genome from strain-induced damage.