Altered motoneuron properties contribute to motor deficits in a rabbit hypoxia ischemia model of cerebral palsy

Abstract

AbstractCerebral palsy (CP) is caused by a variety of factors attributed to early brain damage, resulting in permanently impaired motor control, marked by weakness and muscle stiffness. To find out if altered physiology of spinal motoneurons (MNs) could contribute to movement deficits, we performed whole cell patch clamp in neonatal rabbit spinal cord slices after developmental injury at 79% gestation. After preterm hypoxia-ischemia (HI), rabbits are born with motor deficits consistent with a spastic phenotype including hypertonia and hyperreflexia. There is a range in severity, thus kits are classified as severely affected, mildly affected, or unaffected based on modified Ashworth scores and other behavioral tests. At postnatal day (P)0-5, we recorded electrophysiological parameters of 40 MNs in transverse spinal cord slices using whole cell patch clamp. Using a multivariate analysis of neuronal parameters, we found significant differences between groups (severe, mild, unaffected and sham control MNs), age (P0 to P5) and spinal cord region (cervical to sacral). Severe HI MNs showed more sustained firing patterns, depolarized resting membrane potential, and a higher threshold for action potentials. These properties could contribute to both muscle stiffness and weakness, respectively, hallmarks of spastic CP. Interestingly altered persistent inward currents (PICs) and morphology in severe HI MNs would dampen excitability (reduced normalized PIC amplitude and increased dendritic length). In summary, changes we observed in spinal MN physiology likely contribute to severity of the phenotype including weakness and hypertonia, and therapeutic strategies for CP could target excitability of spinal MNs.Key PointsPhysiology of neonatal spinal motoneurons is altered after in utero hypoxia-ischemic injuryIn motoneurons from severely affected animals there is more sustained firing (lower ΔI values), a depolarized resting potential, but a higher voltage threshold for action potential firing.Altered motoneuron excitability could contribute directly to muscle stiffness and spasticity in cerebral palsy.