Author:
Budhiraja Sandeep,Indrayan Abhaya,Aggarwal Mona,Jha Vinita,Jain Dinesh,Tarai Bansidhar,Das Poonam,Aggarwal Bharat,Mishra RS,Bali Supriya,Mahajan Monica,Nangia Vivek,Lall Ajay,Kishore Nevin,Jain Ashish,Singh Omender,Singh Namrita,Kumar Ashok,Saxena Prashant,Dewan Arun,Aggarwal Ritesh,Sahay Shailesh,Dang Rajiv,Mishra Neelima,Mathur Mohit,Chugh I. M.,Aneja Pankaj,Dhall Sanjay,Boobna Vandana,Arora Vinit,Gupta Ajay,Arora Vijay,Mehra Mukesh,Jain Meenakshi,Nakra Vimal,Sharma BD,Pandey Praveen,Singh YP,Vardani Anil,Singal RK,Pandey Deepak Gargi,Bhasin Atul,Nayyar Sandeep,Pande Rajesh,Chaudhary Pankaj,Gupta Ajay Kr,Gupta Ashish,Tayal Nitesh,Gupta Puneet,Gupta Manish,Khetrapal Sumit,Pandove Sachin,Bhasin Deepak,Midha Devender,Singh Harpal,Dixit Ambrish,Sagar Vinay,Chachra Vaibhav,Uniyal Bhupesh,Saxena Sanjay,Singh Amarjit,Sharma Shalini
Abstract
ABSTRACTSecond wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India came with unexpected quick speed and intensity, creating an acute shortage of beds, ventilators, and oxygen at the peak of occurrence. This may have been partly caused by emergence of new variant delta. Clinical experience with the cases admitted to hospitals suggested that it is not merely a steep rise in cases but also possibly the case-profile is different. This study was taken up to investigate the differentials in the characteristics of the cases admitted in the second wave versus those admitted in the first wave.Records of a total of 14398 cases admitted in the first wave (2020) to our network of hospitals in north India and 5454 cases admitted in the second wave (2021) were retrieved, making it the largest study of this kind in India. Their demographic profile, clinical features, management, and outcome was studied.Age-sex distribution of the cases in the second wave was not much different from those admitted in the first wave but the patients with comorbidities and those with greater severity had larger share. Level of inflammatory markers was more adverse. More patients needed oxygen and invasive ventilation. ICU admission rate remained nearly the same. On the positive side, readmissions were lower, and the duration of hospitalization was slightly less. Usage of drugs like remdesivir and IVIG was higher while that of favipiravir and tocilizumab was lower. Steroid and anticoagulant use remained high and almost same during the two waves. More patients had secondary bacterial and fungal infections in Wave-2. Mortality increased by almost 40% in Wave-2, particularly in the younger patients of age less than 45 years. Higher mortality was observed in those admitted in wards, ICU, with or without ventilator support and those who received convalescent plasma.No significant demographic differences in the cases in these two waves, indicates the role of other factors such as delta variant and late admissions in higher severity and more deaths. Comorbidity and higher secondary bacterial and fungal infections may have contributed to increased mortality.
Publisher
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory