Somatostatin slows Aβ plaque deposition in aged APPNL-F/NL-F mice by blocking Aβ aggregation in a neprilysin-independent manner

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe molecular underpinnings that govern the endoproteolytic release of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are now quite well understood. The same cannot be said for the events that precipitate the aggregation and amyloid deposition of Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The 14-amino-acid cyclic neuroendocrine peptide somatostatin (SST-14) has long been thought of as playing a role, foremost by controlling the expression of the Aβ clearing enzyme neprilysin, and more recently by directly interacting with Aβ oligomers. Missing have been in vivo data in a relevant Aβ amyloidosis model. Here we addressed this shortcoming by crossing AppNL-F/NL-F mice with Sst-deficient mice of identical genetic background to assess if and how the presence of Sst influences key pathological hallmarks of Aβ amyloidosis that develop in AppNL-F/NL-F mice after 10 months of age. Surprisingly, we found that Sst had no influence on whole brain neprilysin transcript, protein or activity levels, an observation that cannot be accounted for by a compensatory upregulation of the Sst paralog, cortistatin (Cort), that we observed in 15-month-old Sst-deficient mice. The absence of Sst did lead to a subtle but significant increase in the density of cortical Aβ amyloid plaques. Follow-on western blot analyses of whole brain extracts indicated that Sst interferes with early steps of Aβ assembly that manifest in Sst null brains through the appearance of SDS-stable smears of 55- 150 kDa. As expected, no effect of Sst on tau steady-state levels or its phosphorylation were observed. Results from this study are easier reconciled with an emerging body of data that point toward Sst affecting Aβ amyloid plaque formation through direct interference with Aβ aggregation rather than through its effects on neprilysin expression.