“Lead (Pb) impairs thyroid hormone mediated changes in brain development and body length in Xenopus laevis tadpoles”

Abstract

ABSTRACTLead (Pb) poisoning during early development is associated with behavioral and cognitive deficits, but the specific mechanisms by which Pb impairs brain development are not fully understood. One potential mechanism is that Pb poisoning may impair thyroid hormone (TH)- mediated changes in brain development To address this issue, we performed experiments to assess the effects of Pb poisoning on (TH) -dependent changes in cellular and molecular mechanisms in the developing Xenopus laevis tadpole brain. We treated stage 48 tadpoles to combinations of 1000 ppb Pb bath for seven days and added one of three different concentrations of thyroxine (T4) for the final two days of treatment. We found that lead exposure decreased body length, including in T4-treated tadpoles. We also performed immuno-staining for proliferative marker pH3 and found that Pb disrupts T4-induced increases in neuronal proliferation. Finally, we used syGlass VR data visualization software to measure volume of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain in 3D and found that Pb exposure impaired T4-mediated changes in brain volume. Last, we found that Pb poisoning reduced the T4-mediated increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a TH-sensitive gene. These results illustrate that Pb poisoning impairs some TH-dependent changes in the developing brain.