Analysis of genetic variation inMacadamiashows evidence of extensive reticulate evolution

Abstract

AbstractThe genusMacadamiain the Proteaceae family includes four species. To explore diversity in macadamia genetic resources, a total of 166 wild genotypes, representing all four species, were sequenced. The four species were clearly distinguished as four separate clades in a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear gene CDS.M. integrifoliaandM. tetraphyllaformed a clade that had diverged from a clade includingM. ternifoliaandM. jansenii.The greatest diversity in nuclear and chloroplast genomes was found in the more widely distributedM. integrifoliawhile the rareM. janseniishowed little diversity. The chloroplast phylogeny revealed a much more complex evolutionary history. Multiple chloroplast capture events have resulted in chloroplast genome clades including genotypes from different species. This suggests extensive reticulate evolution inMacadamiadespite the emergence of the four distinct species that are supported by the analysis of their nuclear genomes. The chloroplast genomes showed strong associations with geographical distribution reflecting limited maternal gene movement in these species having large seeds. The nuclear genomes showed lesser geographical differences, probably reflecting longer distance movement of pollen. This improved understanding of the distribution of diversity inMacadamiawill aid conservation of these rare species now found in highly fragmented rainforest remnants.HighlightsWhole genome sequencing of population of the four species in the Macadamia genus allowed phylogenetic relationships to be determined and revealed significant reticulate evolution.