Arsinothricin Biosynthesis Involving a Noncanonical Radical SAM Enzyme for C-As Bond Formation

Abstract

ABSTRACTArsinothricin is a potent antibiotic secreted by soil bacteria. The biosynthesis of Arsinothricin was proposed to involve two steps. The first step is C-As bond formation between trivalent As and the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), which is catalyzed by the protein ArsL. However, the reaction has not been verified in vitro, and ArsL has not been characterized in detail. Interestingly, ArsL contains a CxxxCxxC motif and thus belongs to the radical SAM enzyme superfamily, the members of which cleave SAM and generate a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. Here, we found that ArsL cleaves the Cγ,Met–S bond of SAM and generates an ACP radical that resembles Dph2, a noncanonical radical SAM enzyme involved in diphthamid biosynthesis. As Dph2 does not contain the CxxxCxxC motif, ArsL is a unique noncanonical radical SAM enzyme that contains this motif but generates an ACP radical. Together with the methyltransferase ArsM, we successfully reconstituted arsinothricin biosynthesis in vitro. ArsL has a conserved RCCLKC motif in the C-terminal sequence and belongs to the RCCLKC-tail radical SAM protein subfamily. By truncation, we showed that this motif binds to the substrate arsenite and is highly important for its activity. Our results suggested that ArsL is a noncanonical radical SAM enzyme with a canonical radical SAM enzyme motif, implying that more noncanonical radical SAM chemistry may exist within the radical SAM enzyme superfamily.TOC