Lysis cassette-mediated exoprotein release inYersinia entomophagais controlled by a PhoB- like regulator

Abstract

ABSTRACTSecretion of exoproteins is a key component of bacterial virulence and is tightly regulated in response to environmental stimuli and host-dependent signals. The entomopathogenic bacteriumYersinia entomophagaMH96 produces a wide range of exoproteins including its main virulence factor, the 2.46 MDa insecticidal Yen-Tc toxin complex. Previously, a high-throughput transposon-based screening assay identified the region of exoprotein release (YeRER) as essential to exoprotein release in MH96. The current study defines the role of the YeRER-associatedambiguous holin/endolysin-based lysiscluster (ALC) and the novel RoeA regulator in the regulation and release of exoproteins in MH96. A mutation in the ALC region abolished exoprotein release and caused cell elongation, a phenotype able to be restored throughtrans-complementation with an intact ALC region. Endogenous ALC did not impact cell growth of the wild type, while artificial expression of an optimised ALC caused cell lysis. Using HolA-sfGFP and Rz1-sfGFP reporter, Rz1 expression was observed in all cells while HolA expression was limited to a small proportion of cells, which increased over time. Transcriptomic assessments found expression of the genes encoding the prominent exoproteins, including the Yen-Tc, was reduced in theroeAmutant and identified a 220 ncRNA of the YeRER intergenic that, whentranscomplemented in the wildtype, abolished exoprotein release. A model forY. entomophagamediated exoprotein regulation and release is proposed.ImportanceWhile theoretical models exist, there is not yet any empirical data that links ALC phage-like lysis cassettes with the release of large macro-molecular toxin complexes such as Yen-Tc in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we demonstrate that the novelY. entomophagaRoeA activates the production of exoproteins (including Yen-Tc) and the ALC at the transcriptional level. The translation of the ALC holin is confined to a subpopulation of cells that then lyse over time, indicative of a complex hierarchical regulatory network. The presence of orthologous RoeA orthologue and a HolA like holin 5’ of an eCIS Afp element inPseudomonas chlororaphiscombined with the presented data suggests a shared mechanism is required for the release of some large macromolecular protein assemblies such as the Yen-Tc, and further supports classification of phage-like lysis clusters as type 10 secretion systems.