1. Adrienne Brown, The Black Skyscraper: Architecture and the Perception of Race (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017)
2. Frederick L. Hoffman, “The Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro,” Publications of the American Economic Association 11, no. 1 (1896): 1-329
3. Dan Bouk, How Our Days Became Numbered: Risk and the Rise of the Statistical Individual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015)
4. The Science of Difference: Developing Tools for Discrimination in the American Life Insurance Industry, 1830–1930
5. Beatrix Hoffman, “Scientific Racism, Insurance, and Opposition to the Welfare State: Frederick L. Hoffman's Transatlantic Journey,” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2, no. 2 (2003): 150-190