IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON 0.18 µM CMOS TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL PLL SYNTHESIZER IN LOW LOCKING TIME .

Abstract

Currently, Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) are consider as an important portion of the wireless networks and for the communication in MANET, routing mechanism is also play a vital role. MANET routing protocol generates a different performance when it is implemented in a different network scenario. It is a challenge to find the suitable characteristic of MANET routing protocol which conforms to a certain network condition scenario. In the last ten years, many research have been done by the research to analyze the performance of MANET routing protocol but still lots of problems are faces. However, those research are related to the scope of routing protocol based MANET scenario. Basically, there two types of routing mechanism that is known as the Proactive and the Reactive routing protocol. Alternatively, there is a routing protocol which is a combination of both proactive as well as reactive, namely the Hybrid routing protocol. Hybrid routing protocols especially capable to solve the MANET energy consumption by constructing a zone routing protocol (ZRP) and it is superior to over proactive and reactive routing protocols. So, in this research, we proposed an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Improved Energy Efficient ZRP (IEE-ZRP) mechanism for MANET with the help of the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA). The total MANET simulation area is divided into different zones or clusters or regions to create a secure and energy efficient routing mechanism. The IEE-ZRP mechanism perform better as compare to others routing protocols that clearly mentioned in the results analysis section based on the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Drop Ratio, Delay, Energy Consumption and Control Overhead.