Abstract
Abstract
Optimal exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs has always been a challenge due to uncertainties posed by subsurface heterogeneities that are often not factored into field development plans. Secondary and tertiary recovery mechanisms, such as waterflooding and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), are used to enhance the oilfield recovery beyond primary recovery. However, as the field development transitions to secondary/tertiary mechanisms, the challenges in monitoring these mechanisms further increase the uncertainty in field development. If these uncertainties are not reduced or incorporated properly, the field development may easily become uneconomic. This work presents a workflow that addresses the limitation of regular waterflood surveillance while characterizing the reservoir for optimal exploitation.
The current technologies for waterflood surveillance are limited either to local surveillance methods, such as tracers, crosswell seismic and crosswell electromagnetics (EM), or to uncalibrated global realizations, such as full-field streamline simulation, with no validation between the wells (It is to be noted that a full-field reservoir simulation calibrated with production-injection data in defined time-interval is stated as a global-surveillance method in this paper). This workflow devises integration of an effective local waterflood monitoring method, crosswell EM, and a global waterflood modeling method, streamline simulation. The process of validating the parameters of a geological model and a dynamic model with time-lapse crosswell EM data significantly reduces reservoir characterization uncertainty and helps in the preparation of a precise dynamic model.
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