Phylogenetics, character evolution, and historical biogeography of the Neotropical genus Besleria (Gesneriaceae)

Author:

Ferreira Gabriel E1ORCID,Clark John L2ORCID,Clavijo Laura3ORCID,Zuluaga Alejandro4ORCID,Chautems Alain5ORCID,Hopkins Michael J G1ORCID,Araujo Andrea O6ORCID,Perret Mathieu5ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Biodiversidade , CEP: 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas , Brazil

2. Marie Selby Botanical Gardens , 1534 Mound St., Sarasota, FL 34236 , United States

3. Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales , Bogotá, D.C., 111321 , Colombia

4. Universidad del Valle, Department of Biology , 100-00, Cali , Colombia

5. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève et Department of Plant Sciences, Université de Genève , CH-1292 Chambésy , Switzerland

6. Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CEP 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo , Brazil

Abstract

Abstract Besleria, a genus of perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees growing in the understorey of rainforests, is one of the largest genera of neotropical Gesneriaceae, with over 165 species. Despite the ecological importance and ubiquity of Besleria in rainforest ecosystems, taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Besleria are limited. Here, we generated a phylogenetic analysis of Besleria using four nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions (ITS, matK, rps16, and trnL-trnF) covering more than 50% of the recognized species, along with two secondary calibration points to infer divergence times. Our results support the monophyly of Besleria and allowed us to revise the infrageneric classification and biogeographical history of the genus. We identified five major clades that do not correspond to sections or subsections in previous classifications. These clades are well circumscribed geographically but remain difficult to characterize using previously hypothesized morphological characters. Biogeographical reconstructions indicate an origin in the northern Andes during the Middle Miocene (ca. 15 Mya). The current distribution patterns of this plant group have been significantly shaped by geological and climatic events, particularly Andean uplift and the formation of the Panama Isthmus.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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