Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Species Delimitation in Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome and Eudyptes moseleyi)

Author:

Mays Herman L1,Oehler David A23,Morrison Kyle W4,Morales Ariadna E5,Lycans Alyssa1,Perdue Justin1,Battley Phil F6,Cherel Yves7,Chilvers B Louise8,Crofts Sarah9,Demongin Laurent10,Fry W Roger3,Hiscock Jo11,Kusch Alejandro23,Marin Manuel312,Poisbleau Maud13,Quillfeldt Petra14,Raya Rey Andrea151617,Steinfurth Antje1819,Thompson David R20,Weakley Leonard A3

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV

2. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY

3. Feather Link, Inc., Cincinnati, OH

4. Feather Link, Inc., Peterborough, ON, Canada

5. Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY

6. School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

7. Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France

8. School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

9. Falklands Conservation, Stanley, Falkland Islands

10. CREXECO, ZI la Varenne, Riom, France

11. Department of Conservation, Invercargill, New Zealand

12. Section of Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA

13. Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium

14. Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

15. National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Austral Center for Scientific Investigation, Ushuaia, Argentina

16. Institute of Polar Science, National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina

17. Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

18. FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

19. RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Cambridge, UK

20. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand

Abstract

Abstract Rockhopper penguins are delimited as 2 species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), with the latter comprising 2 subspecies, the western rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow, and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E. moseleyi and E. chrysocome as distinct species lineages with a divergence time of 0.97 Ma. However, these analyses also indicated the presence of gene flow between these species. Among southern rockhopper subspecies, we found evidence of significant gene flow and heuristic approaches to species delimitation based on the genealogical diversity index failed to delimit them as species. The best-supported population models for the southern rockhoppers were those where E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi were combined into a single lineage or 2 lineages with bidirectional gene flow. Additionally, we found that E. c. filholi has the highest effective population size while E. c. chrysocome showed similar effective population size to that of the endangered E. moseleyi. We suggest that the current taxonomic definitions within rockhopper penguins be upheld and that E. chrysocome populations, all found south of the subtropical front, should be treated as a single taxon with distinct management units for E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi.

Funder

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

National Institutes of Health

National Science Foundation

New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment

New Zealand Department of Conservation, Southland Conservancy

New Island Conservation Trust

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica

Research Fund—Flanders FWO

Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor

Tristan da Cunha government and Tristan da Cunha Conservation Department

South African National Research Foundation

BirdLife South Africa

Feather Link, Inc

The Angel Fund

African Safari Wildlife Park

Wildlife Conservation Society

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Genetics(clinical),Genetics,Molecular Biology,Biotechnology

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