Quantitative Determination of Organophosphorus, Pyrethroid, and Dithiolane Pesticide Residues in Brown Rice Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Abstract Background Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a fast, versatile, and solvent-efficient automatic extraction method. Despite its advantages, the results of our proficiency tests imply that the applicability assessments of SFE for pesticide residues were insufficient. Objective In this study, as analytical method using SFE was optimized and validated by testing the incurred and fortified brown rice samples with organophosphorus (OP), pyrethroid (PYR), and dithiolane (DIT) pesticides. Method A validation study using the incurred sample with etofenprox, fenitrothion, and isoprothiolane was performed by comparing the analytical results obtained using the SFE and solid-liquid extraction with homogenization (SLE), which is a well-validated official multi-residue extraction method. The tests on the fortified samples were also performed for seven pesticide residues, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN), etofenprox, fenitrothion, isoxathion, and isoprothiolane, at three fortification levels, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/kg. Results In the test on the incurred samples, optimized SFE-to-SLE analytical values (CSFE/CSLE) were 99.2–100.1%, with RSD lower than 3%. In contrast, the analytical-to-spiked concentrations in the tests on the fortified samples were 96.4–105.0%, with RSD lower than 8.8%. Conclusions These results indicate that the proposed SFE method, which is well validated with the incurred brown rice sample, is useful for determining OP, PYR, and DIT pesticide residues in brown rice. Highlights The proposed SFE method satisfies EU and Japanese maximum residue limits (MRLs). The consumption of solvent can be reduced to one-fourth of that of SLE using the proposed SFE method.