Neighborhood context and children's health care utilization and health outcomes: a comprehensive descriptive analysis of national survey data

Author:

Annis Izabela E1,deJong Neal A2,Christian Robert B3ORCID,Davis Scott A1ORCID,Hughes Phillip M14,Thomas Kathleen C14

Affiliation:

1. Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , United States

2. Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , United States

3. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , United States

4. Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , United States

Abstract

Abstract While child health and health care disparities arising from unequal distribution of resources are well documented, a nationally representative inventory of health and well-being for children across the spectrum of opportunity is lacking. Using the nationally representative sample of children from pooled 2013–2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data linked to the census-tract-level Child Opportunity Index 2.0, a composite measure of neighborhood health, education, and socioeconomic conditions, we describe US children's socioeconomic characteristics, health care utilization and expenditures across the spectrum of child neighborhood opportunity levels. We found that neighborhood level of child opportunity was associated with almost all of children's health status, health care utilization, expenditures, access to care, and satisfaction with care outcomes. Children living in lower-opportunity neighborhoods had the highest rates of poor physical and mental health status and fewest ambulatory care visits but accounted for the highest share of emergency department visits. Their parents were also least likely to report having positive experiences with health care, good communication with providers, and easy access to care. Our findings underscore the myriad harms to children of gaps in health, education, and financial resources at the community level and provide targets for public investments to improve child-focused outcomes.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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