The Impacts of Early-Life Experience on Bee Phenotypes and Fitness

Author:

Rittschof Clare C1,Denny Amanda S1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky , S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546 , USA

Abstract

Synopsis Across diverse animal species, early-life experiences have lifelong impacts on a variety of traits. The scope of these impacts, their implications, and the mechanisms that drive these effects are central research foci for a variety of disciplines in biology, from ecology and evolution to molecular biology and neuroscience. Here, we review the role of early life in shaping adult phenotypes and fitness in bees, emphasizing the possibility that bees are ideal species to investigate variation in early-life experience and its consequences at both individual and population levels. Bee early life includes the larval and pupal stages, critical time periods during which factors like food availability, maternal care, and temperature set the phenotypic trajectory for an individual’s lifetime. We discuss how some common traits impacted by these experiences, including development rate and adult body size, influence fitness at the individual level, with possible ramifications at the population level. Finally, we review ways in which human alterations to the landscape may impact bee populations through early-life effects. This review highlights aspects of bees’ natural history and behavioral ecology that warrant further investigation with the goal of understanding how environmental disturbances threaten these vulnerable species.

Funder

Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

National Science Foundation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Plant Science,Animal Science and Zoology

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